Based on the information provided, it is possible to find out if someone has taken out a life insurance policy on you without getting direct access to their records or asking them directly, but it may be challenging.
The key is that for a life insurance policy to be valid, the policyholder typically needs to have an insurable interest in the insured person. This means the policyholder would suffer some sort of financial loss or hardship if the insured person were to pass away. Without the insured person's knowledge and consent, it would be very difficult for someone to take out a legitimate life insurance policy on them, as the insured person would need to sign the application. The only exception seems to be if the insured person is a minor. So in most cases, if a life insurance policy exists on you that you're unaware of, it may be an illegal or fraudulent policy.